INNATE OR LEARNED PREFERENCE FOR UPWARD-FACING FLOWERS?: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE COSTS OF PENDENT FLOWERS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE BUMBLE BEES

Innate or learned preference for upward-facing flowers?: implications for the costs of pendent flowers from experiments on captive bumble bees

Pollinator preferences for phenotypic characters, including floral orientation, can affect plant reproductive success.For example, hawkmoths and syrphid flies prefer upward- over downward-facing flowers in field experiments.Although such preferences suggest a cost of pendent flowers in terms of pollinator attraction, we cannot rule out the possibil

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